Use of extremophiles in nanotechnology

Extremophiles are microorganisms that were present since the evolutionary era of the Earth. The habitat of extremophiles has extreme characteristics when accommodated with fauna where other lives cannot survive : pH, salt, aqueous, thermal, cold, and so on. These microorganisms are also capable of synthesizing microparticles but their traditional way of biosynthesis is not advisable as they are hazardous. The advisable way of nanoparticle biosynthesis with the help of these microorganisms which are inorganic can yield, at our expectations, based on the structure, morphology, and genealogy. Extremophiles are more suitable microorganisms for utilization purposes, where the nanoparticle biosynthesis of the following extremophiles are beneficial microbes: thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles, anaerobes, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and archaea. These beneficial products with favorable characteristics are ready for application in the following biotechnological process due to their valuable economic importance in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and food industry. Thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, eubacteria, and archaea exhibit distinct characteristics. Hence, they are very useful to produce microparticles that resist the toxic nature of metallic ions in petroleum and coal sediments. By binding with metallic cations, the nanoparticles reduce the structure of metallic ions. Halophiles are salt lovers that are present in salt-saturated fauna by degradation of organic pollutants, which not only provides hydrolases but also very helpful in resisting metals to produce metallic microparticles, and these are utilized in pharmaceuticals and in various industries. These acidophiles and alkalophiles possess stability-bearing precursors, yielding not only metal microparticles but also proteins and peptides, and can be utilized for trade values.