Mass Casualty Incident in the Port of Hamburg—Large-Scale Exercise during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Within the framework of the interdisciplinary research project ARMIHN (Adaptive Resilience Management in the Port) a two-day large-scale exercise took place in the Port of Hamburg in October 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the exercise could not be realized as a full-scale exercise with a large number of participants and actors as originally planned. Therefore, a hybrid exercise concept with virtual and live parts was developed. The project ARMIHN has shown that the planning, organization, and implementation of a hybrid large-scale exercise is demanding, resource- and time-intensive. On the other hand, the project showed the possibility for exercises to be conducted even when underlying conditions like the COVID-19 pandemic do not support a full-scale exercise in presence.