A Multi-Institutional Examination of Sex Differences in Perceptions and Actual Performance in Simulated Assessments: Further Evidence of the Male Hubris, Female Humility Effect in Surgical Education

While not always obvious to surgical educators, there is previous research suggesting female trainees view themselves as less skilled in the operating room compared to male counterparts. We aimed to further evaluate sex differences in residents’ perceived performance during simulated skills assessments. Residents at seven programs completed nine simulated skills assessments and a post-completion survey. Variables of interest were (1) resident sex, (2) self-rated performance, and (3) actual performance scores. A MANCOVA was used to assess differences in self-rated resident performance between sex while controlling for training level. Data from 70 residents (47