Pricing and financing strategies of dual channel closed-loop supply chain considering capital-constrained manufacturer

With the rise of the 'internet + recycling' model, the manufacturer actively constructs a dual channel closed-loop supply chain model and faces serious capital constraints, and the manufacturer's financing strategy is particularly important. Based on this, this paper uses Stackelberg theory to construct a dual channel closed-loop supply chain game model composed of the manufacturer and the retailer. Furthermore, in view of the fact that the manufacturer has capital constraints, the optimal financing and pricing strategies of supply chain enterprises are studied in two financing models: bank loan and retailer financing. Finally, using case study to verify the model results, it is found that the retailer financing can bring higher economic profit and recovery rate. In the retailer financing mode, when interest rate is low, the raising interest rate will 'harm others and itself', while when interest rate is high, the raising interest rate will 'benefit others and harm itself'. [Received: 6 June 2022, Accepted: 4 January 2023]