Laser-induced sublimation extraction for cm-resolution multi-species greenhouse gas analysis on ice cores

Abstract. Precision, accuracy, and temporal resolution are key to make full use of atmospheric trace gas records in ice cores. These aspects will become especially crucial for ice cores that aim to extend the ice core record to the last 1.5 Myr, i.e., across the Mid Pleistocene Transition (as currently drilled within the European project Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice Core (BE-OIC)). The ice from this period is expected to be close to bedrock and, due to glacier flow, extremely thinned with 15,000 years of climate history contained in only one meter of ice. Accordingly, for a century-scale resolution, the sample vertical extent must be reduced to a few cm containing only about 1−2 mL air STP. We present a novel combined system for the extraction and the simultaneous measurement of CO2, CH4, and N2O concentrations, as well as δ13CO2, which achieves a vertical resolution of 1−2 cm with precisions of 0.4 ppm, 3 ppb, 1 ppb and 0.04 ‰, respectively. This is accomplished by employing a directional and continuous laser induced sublimation followed by analysis of the sample gas by quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS). Besides the low sample volume requirements and the vertical resolution capabilities, the described method holds additional advantages over previous methods, including the immunity of the highly specific QCLAS analysis to drilling fluid contamination as well as the non-destructive nature of the spectroscopic gas analysis. The combined extraction and analysis system was extensively tested by sublimating gas-free ice with introduction of a standard gas to determine the accuracy and characterize potential artefacts. Moreover, Antarctic ice samples were measured to confirm the measurement performance, covering the range of variability expected in Pleistocene ice and to highlight the vertical resolution capabilities critical for its application within BE-OIC.