Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Renewable Energies and Electric Vehicles

ThisTransmission expansion planning chapter studies the transmission expansion problem considering the presence of renewable energies and electric vehicles. The expected replacement of a relatively small number of high-capacity thermal units by a large number of renewable energy units with smaller capacity per unit may change substantially the utilization of the transmission network. Additionally, the incorporation of a large number of electric vehicle chargers may increase significantly the energy load at specific periods in some buses and may require the reinforcement of the transmission system. Then, a two-stage stochastic programming formulation is described in this chapter to decide the investments in transmission lines to face the increase of renewable power and the number of electric vehicles. A number of illustrative examples and a realistic case study are included in this chapter to show the performance of the described formulation. The realistic case study included at the end of the chapter is based on the isolated power system of Gran Canaria island in Spain.