Risk factors for chronic postsurgical pain in visceral surgery: a matched case–control analysis

Purpose Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after abdominal visceral surgery is an underestimated long-term complication with relevant impact on health-related quality of life and socioeconomic costs. Early identification of affected patients is important. We aim to identify the incidence and risk factors for CPSP in this patient population. Methods Retrospective case–control matched analysis including all patients diagnosed with CPSP after visceral surgery in our institution between 2016 and 2019. One-to-two case–control matching was based on operation category (HPB, upper-GI, colorectal, transplantation, bariatric, hernia and others) and date of surgery. Potential risk factors for CPSP were identified using conditional multivariate logistic regression. Results Among a cohort of 3730 patients, 176 (4.7%) were diagnosed with CPSP during the study period and matched to a sample of 352 control patients. Independent risk factors for CPSP were age under 55 years ( OR 2.64, CI 1.51–4.61), preexisting chronic pain of any origin ( OR 3.42, CI 1.75–6.67), previous abdominal surgery ( OR 1.99, CI 1.11–3.57), acute postoperative pain ( OR 1.29, CI 1.16–1.44), postoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( OR 3.73, OR 1.61–8.65), opioid use on discharge ( OR 3.78, CI 2.10–6.80) and length of stay over 3 days ( OR 2.60, CI 1.22–5.53). Preoperative Pregabalin intake was protective ( OR 0.02, CI 0.002–0.21). Conclusion The incidence of CPSP is high and associated with specific risk factors, some of them modifiable. Special attention should be given to sufficient treatment of preexisting chronic pain and acute postoperative pain.