Identifying temporal and spatial denudation variations using in-situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides along vertical profiles on enrooted bedrock.

<p>Tors, thus large residual rocks that are still enrooted in bedrock, adorn landscapes around the world. In recent years it became apparent, that tors are useful dipsticks that hold records of surface lowering rates of their surrounding surface. Here examples from the Sila Massif (Italy), Otago upland (New Zealand) and the Serra da Estrela (Protugal) are presented to provide a comprehensive overview of the capabilities and limitations of this new accessible archive.</p><p>The narrative provides details on the investigation technique, the modelling approach, formation patterns of tors and resulting surface denudation rates. The trademark of the &#8220;Tor Exhumation/Exposure Approach&#8221; is obtaining continuous in-situ denudation rate variations (not just averages) over thousands of years. In result, new comparisons with climate or vegetation changes and even topography controls can be derived by this approach.</p>