Osteosarcopenia and exercise

Osteosarcopenia is a recently identified geriatric syndrome comprising low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis) and low muscle strength, mass, and physical performance (sarcopenia). The prevalence of osteosarcopenia increases with age and comorbidities. The presence of osteosarcopenia increases the risk of negative outcomes in older adults, including falls, fractures, and mortality. While osteosarcopenia research is in its infancy, there is compelling evidence suggesting targeted and consistent exercise programs (particularly resistance training) can slow the progression and in some cases reverse the impact of osteosarcopenia. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of osteosarcopenia including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and approach to diagnosis and management. We then focus on the role of exercise as the priority intervention for the prevention and management of osteosarcopenia in older adults by providing readers with practical and evidence-based exercise programs that may be applicable in their clinical and community settings. Finally, nutritional recommendations are addressed and future possibilities explored.