Yeast mannoproteins: Organoleptic modulating functions, mechanisms, and product development trends in winemaking

Mannoproteins (MPs) originate from yeast cells and can play important roles in maintaining wine stability and modulating wine organoleptic properties. Due to their natural presence in wines, MP products are allowed to be used as enological additives in wine industry. To guarantee an appropriate application of these products during winemaking, it is necessary for both researchers and winemakers to understand the mechanisms of MPs as multifunctional organoleptic modulators. This review has introduced the current state of knowledge of the researches focus on the application of different MP products in red wines and also the interactions between MPs and wine sensory active components (polyphenols, aroma compounds) in model wine solutions. We have summarized the possible mechanisms of MPs that affect the color, astringency, and aroma of red wines and the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics and functionalities of MPs. Besides, development trends of MP products are also discussed. It seems that yeast biomass, especially those from non-Saccharomyces yeasts show good potential in producing large quantities of MPs, an appropriate combination of yeast cultivation and preservation methods with extraction and purification techniques may obtain MPs of ideal production, purity, and functionality in an industrial scale, which should be put more efforts by both scientists and manufacturers in the future.