Laboratory reproduction of grey triggerfish (Balistes capriscus)

Context. Balistes capriscus is relevant for fishing worldwide, but there is no consistent information on the maintenance of the species in a captive environment. Aims. Develop protocols for the reproduction of the species in aquaculture systems, contributing to the maintenance of the supply in the commerce through captive breeding. Methods. A Balistes capriscus couple was selected on the basis of behavioural observations. Nutritional and environmental stimuli were invested in obtaining natural spawning. After reproduction, the larvae were regularly observed under an microscope to monitor the ontogenic development. In larviculture, feeds based on Brachionus plicatilis (10 mL(-1)) and Nannochloropsis oculata (150 000 cells mL(-1)) and pate formulated with Artemia salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, sardines and commercial feed were evaluated. Key results. The eggs had a diameter of 667.5 mu m(+/- 21.66) and formed a mass adhered to the substrate. Newly hatched larvae had a total length of 1653.63 mu m(+/- 213.97). The first food intake was evidenced 72 h after hatching; however, larvae did not survive more than 6 days. Conclusions. The reproduction in laboratory of the species is viable; however, larviculture remains a limiting factor. Implications. The success in captive breeding is essential for the introduction of B. capriscus in aquaculture, and for the conservation of the species.