The Effect of Frailty on Independent Living After Surgery: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Background Most people value quality of life over mere duration. At least 50% of people are extremely averse to ever living in a nursing home (NH). Objectives Assess whether pre-operative frailty is associated with new, post-operative NH placement. Design, Setting Retrospective, population-based cohort study in the Canadian province of Manitoba, 2000–2017. Participants 7408 persons ≥65 years undergoing any of 16 specific, elective, noncardiac surgeries of varying Operative Surgical Stress (OSS). Measurements The primary outcome was new admission to a NH, or being placed on a waiting list for a NH, within 180 days of index hospital admission, among index hospital survivors. Frailty was assessed from administrative data by the Preoperative Frailty Index (pFI), which ranges 0–1. Other outcomes were 30-day and 90–180 day mortality, and post-hospital medical resource use to 180 days. Analyses used multivariable regression models, adjusted for age, sex, OSS, year of surgery, anesthetic technique, and socioeconomic status. P-values were adjusted for the six outcomes. Results Subjects had mean age (±SD) of 74±7 yrs; 61% were male. pFI ranged 0–0.68, with a mean±SD of 0.21±0.09. All six outcomes were significantly associated with greater frailty. Each additional 0.1 unit increase in pFI was associated with a hazard ratio for new NH admission or wait-listing of 3.01 (p<0.0006). Conclusions While our study agrees with prior work indicating that greater frailty is associated with higher probability of post-operative discharge to a NH, it overcomes a number of limitations of all prior work. Strong arguments follow that prospective surgical candidates be evaluated for their degree of frailty, and that their informed consent include discussion of the possibility of survival with loss of independence