Geographical Origin Authentication of Edible Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Hangbaiju) Using Stable Isotopes

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., known as Hangbaiju (HBJ), is a high-value edible, medicinal product where the flowers are infused in hot water and drunk as tea. Its quality and efficacy are closely related to its geographical origin. Consequently, it is vulnerable to fraudulent substitution by other lower-value Chrysanthemum products. In this study, cultivation (variety and different growth stages) and isotopic fractionation between the flower, stem, and leaf were studied. Samples from four different HBJ varieties were characterized using stable isotopes (d(13)C, d(15)N, d(2)H, d(18)O, %C, and %N) across three producing regions in Zhejiang province, China. The results showed that there were no significant differences in stable isotopic compositions for different HBJ varieties, but there were significant differences for different plant tissues (flower, stem, leaf, etc.). Furthermore, the stable isotopic composition altered dramatically at different growth stages. The d(15)N (r = 0.6809) and d(2)H (r = 0.6102) correlations between stems and leaves (SL) and flowers (F) of HBJ were relatively good, the d(13)C correlation (r = 0.2636) between SL and F was weak, but d(18)O correlation (r = 0.01) had almost no correlation. A supervised multivariate statistical model (partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) was used to discriminate three different producing regions with high accuracy (66.7%, 66.7%, and 100%, respectively). Our findings show that stable isotopes combined with multivariate statistical analysis provide an effective method for the geographical identification of HBJ.