Co- occurring ripple oscillations facilitate neuronal interactions between cortical locations in humans

How the human cortex integrates ("binds") information encoded by spatially distributed neurons remains largely unknown. One hypothesis suggests that synchronous bursts of high- frequency oscillations ("ripples") contribute to binding by facilitating integration of neuronal firing across different cortical locations. While studies have demonstrated that ripples modulate local activity in the cortex, it is not known whether their co- occurrence coordinates neural firing across larger distances. We tested this hypothesis using local field- potentials and single- unit firing from four 96- channel microelectrode arrays in the supragranular cortex of 3 patients. Neurons in co- rippling locations showed increased short- latency co- firing, prediction of each other's firing, and co- participation in neural assemblies. Effects were similar for putative pyramidal and interneurons, during non- rapid eye movement sleep and waking, in temporal and Rolandic cortices, and at distances up to 16 mm (the longest tested). Increased co- prediction during co- ripples was maintained when firing- rate changes were equated, indicating that it was not secondary to non- oscillatory activation. Co- rippling enhanced prediction was strongly modulated by ripple phase, supporting the most common posited mechanism for binding- by- synchrony. Co- ripple enhanced prediction is reciprocal, synergistic with local upstates, and further enhanced when multiple sites co- ripple, supporting re- entrant facilitation. Together, these results support the hypothesis that trans- cortical co- occurring ripples increase the integration of neuronal firing of neurons in different cortical locations and do so in part through phase- modulation rather than unstructured activation.