Thymus Tissue Regeneration in 22q11.2DS Mouse Models (DiGeorge) using Mesenchymal Cell Replacement or Vasodilators

Thymus hypoplasia occurs in several clinical conditions including 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). 22q11.2DS is the most common human microdeletion disorder, affecting ~1/2100. Thymuses from 60–70% 22q11.2DS patients are smaller and produce fewer T cells than normal. For individuals with a severe hypoplasia, an allogenic thymus tissue graft is needed to restore thymopoiesis. To determine the molecular mechanisms contributing to a small thymus, we compared the subsets of cells needed for the development of the thymus using embryos from various 22q11.DS mouse models and controls. Reaggregate fetal thymic organ culture assays revealed that replacing mesenchymal cells from 22q11.2del hypoplastic lobes with normal ones restored tissue expansion and thymopoiesis. Thymic epithelial cells and endothelial cells used as substitutes did not. Single cell RNA sequencing of normal and hypoplastic thymus lobes revealed differential expression of transcripts that primarily impacted 5 distinct mesenchymal cell subsets and the one endothelial cell group in 22q11.2DS. These transcripts are involved in extracellular matrix modeling, collagen deposition, cell-cell interactions, and growth. Thymus growth in 22q11.2DS tissues was restored in RTOC assays in the presence of vasodilators, minoxidil or PGE2. We now report that timed in utero exposure of 22q11.2DS mouse embryos with minoxidil restores thymus tissue expansion. Such findings suggest novel strategies aimed at preventing thymic hypoplasia in utero that may have clinical value.