Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -An updated review

•Misfolded proteins cause oxidative damage in the central nervous system.•Early-stage neurodegenerative diseases often display mitochondrial dysfunction.•Problems with Amyloid-ß and tau impact mitochondria, triggering Alzheimer's disease.•Reactive oxygen species damage mitochondrial structures via oxidative stress.•Parkinson's disease is connected to symptoms of oxidative stress and α-synuclein accumulation.•Mitochondrial failure significantly influences Huntington's disease progression.