Evidence for an Intra-Tumoral Microbiome in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors with Different Clinical Phenotypes

Purpose Bacteria have been observed in the tumor environment for decades and have been demonstrated to play important roles in the pathogenesis and development of several different tumors. So far there is a clear lack of specific studies relating to the presence of bacteria in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). Methods In this study, we performed five region-based amplification and bacterial 16 S rRNA sequencing to identify the microbiome of PitNET tissues across four clinical phenotypes. Multiple filter procedures were performed to inhibit the risk of contamination with bacteria and bacterial DNA. Histological analysis was also conducted to validate the localization of bacteria in the intra-tumoral region. Results We identified common and diverse bacterial types across the four clinical phenotypes of PitNET. We also predicted the potential functions of these bacteria in tumor phenotypes and found that these functions were reported in certain previous mechanistic studies. Our data indicate that the pathogenesis and development of tumors may correlate with the behavior of intra-tumoral bacteria. Histological results, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for bacterial 16 S rRNA clearly demonstrated the localization of bacteria in the intra-tumoral region. Staining for Iba-1 suggested that the proportion of microglia was more abundant in FISH-positive regions than in FISH-negative regions. Furthermore, in FISH-positive regions, the microglia exhibited a longitudinally branched morphology that was different to the compact morphology observed in FISH-negative regions. Conclusion In summary, we provide an evidence for the existence of intra-tumoral bacteria in PitNET.