Organoid culture development for skeletal systems.

Organoids are widely considered to be ideal in vitro models that have been widely applied in many fields, including regenerative medicine, disease research and drug screening. It is distinguished from other three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture model systems by self-organization and sustainability in long-term culture. The three core components of organoid culture are cells, exogenous factors and culture matrix. Due to the complexity of bone tissue, and heterogeneity of osteogenic stem/progenitor cells, it is challenging to construct organoids for modeling skeletal systems. Here, we examine current progress in the development of skeletal system organoid culture systems and provide cues for future research trajectory in the field by analyzing the current research status of skeletal stem cells, their microenvironmental factors and various potential organoid culture matrix candidates.