Orphan gene expressed in flame cone cells uniquely found in seahorse epithelium

The seahorse is one of the most unique teleost fishes in its morphology. The body is surrounded by bony plates and spines, and the male fish possess a brooding organ, called the brood pouch, on their tail. The surfaces of the brood pouch and the spines are surrounded by characteristic so-called flame cone cells. Based on our histological observations, flame cone cells are present in the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis , but not in the barbed pipefish Urocampus nanus or the seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli , both of which belong to the same family as the seahorse. In the flame cone cells, we observed expression of an “orphan gene” lacking homologs in other lineages. This gene, which we named the proline-glycine rich (pgrich) gene, codes for an amino acid sequence composed of repetitive units. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses detected pgrich-positive signals from the flame cone cells. Based on a survey of the genome sequences of 15 teleost species, the pgrich gene is only found from some species of Syngnathiformes (namely, the genera Syngnathus and Hippocampus ). The amino acid sequence of the seahorse PGrich is somewhat similar to the sequence deduced from the antisense strand of elastin. Furthermore, there are many transposable elements around the pgrich gene. These results suggest that the pgrich gene may have originated from the elastin gene with the involvement of transposable elements and obtained its novel function in the flame cone cells during the evolution of the seahorse.