Density-dependent changes in elk resource selection over successional time scales following forest disturbance.

There is an increasing need to understand how animals respond to modifications of their habitat following landscape-scale disturbances such as wildfire or timber harvest. Such disturbances can promote increased use by herbivores due to changes in plant community structure that improve forage conditions, but can also cause avoidance if other habitat functions provided by cover are substantially reduced or eliminated. Quantifying the total effects of these disturbances, however, is challenging because they may not fully be apparent unless observed at successional timescales. Further, the effects of disturbances that improve habitat quality may be density dependent such that the benefits are 1) less valuable to high-density populations because the per-capita benefits are reduced when shared among more users, or alternatively, 2) more valuable to animals living in high densities because resources may be more depleted from greater intraspecific competition. We used 30 years of telemetry data on elk occurring at two distinct population densities to quantify changes in space use at diel, monthly, and successional timescales following timber harvest. Elk selected for logged areas at night only, with selection strongest during mid-summer, and peak selection occurring 14 years post-harvest but persisting for 26-33 years. This pattern of increased selection at night following a reduction in overhead canopy cover is consistent with elk exploiting improved nutritional conditions for foraging. The magnitude of selection for logged areas was 73% higher for elk at low population density, consistent with predictions from the ideal free distribution. Yet elk avoided these same areas during daytime up to 28 years post-logging and instead selected for untreated forest, suggesting a role for cover to meet other life history requirements. Our results demonstrate that while landscape-scale disturbances can lead to increased selection by large herbivores suggesting the improvement in foraging conditions can persist over short-term successional timescales, the magnitude of the benefits may not be equal across population densities. Further, the enduring avoidance of logging treatments during daytime indicates a need for structurally-intact forest and suggests that a mosaic of forest patches of varying successional stages and structural completeness will likely be most beneficial to large herbivores. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.