Gastrointestinal bleeding on continuous-flow left ventricular assist device therapy.

While technological advances in the field of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) are constantly being made, CF-LVAD recipients are still subjected to a relatively high rate of LVAD-related adverse events, with post-LVAD gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) being the most common one. GIB is associated with a significant impairment in quality of life, multiple hospital admissions, blood transfusion requirements and possibly death. Furthermore, of those patients who bled once, many will experience recurrent GIB events, which further aggravates their discomfort. While some medical and endoscopic treatment options are available, evidence regarding their benefit remains largely equivocal, with all related studies based on data from registries rather than clinical trials. Although having a major impact on LVAD recipients, an effective and validated pre-implant screening options to predict GIB events post-implant are scarce. This review focuses on the aetiology, incidence, risk factors, treatment options and the effect of new generation devices on post-LVAD GIB.