Oral Intake of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Affect the Course and Prognosis of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice: Involvement of the ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

Background Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), no matter in nanoscale or micron sizes, has been widely used in food industry as additives for decades. Given the potential impact of TiO 2 on the gastrointestinal epithelial and parenchymal cells, including goblet cells, the public consumers may suffer the risk of diseases caused by its widespread dissemination in food products. We therefore set out to investigate the impact of TiO 2 NPs on the course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis by oral gavaging TiO 2 NPs at the doses levels of 0, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg during the induction (7 days, from day 1 to day 7) and recovery (10 days, from day 8 to day 17) phases of colitis in mice. Results The ulcerative colitis (UC) disease model was established by administrating of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution. Our results show that TiO 2 NPs significantly enhanced the severity of DSS-induced colitis, decreased the body weight, increased the disease activity index (DAI) and colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI) scores, shortened the colonic length, increased the inflammatory infiltration in the colon. The most significant changes occurred in the low dose (30 mg/kg) group of TiO 2 NPs exposure during the development phase of UC and the high dose (300 mg/kg) group of TiO 2 NPs during UC self-healing phase. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and upregulation of anti-oxidant enzymes including total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT), demonstrate that the TiO 2 NP exposure has triggered oxidative stress in mice. Moreover, the upregulation of caspase-1 mRNA and increased expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) further demonstrate the involvement of the ROS-TXNIP-NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in aggravating the development of UC. Conclusion Oral intake of TiO 2 NPs could affect the course of acute colitis in exacerbating the development of UC, prolonging the UC course and inhibiting UC recovery. Graphical Abstract