Cachexia, sarcopenia and heart failure: A last mile to be walked.

Heart failure (HF) is a complex and debilitating condition that affects an increasing number of individuals worldwide, particularly in the aging population. As HF prevalence rises, there is growing interest in studying associated comorbidities [ [1] McDonagh T.A. Metra M. Adamo M. Gardner R.S. Baumbach A. Böhm M. Burri H. Butler J. Čelutkienė J. Chioncel O. Cleland J.G.F. Coats A.J.S. Crespo-Leiro M.G. Farmakis D. Gilard M. Heymans S. Hoes A.W. Jaarsma T. Jankowska E.A. Lainscak M. Lam C.S.P. Lyon A.R. McMurray J.J.V. Mebazaa A. Mindham R. Muneretto C. Piepoli M. Francesco Price S. Rosano G.M.C. Ruschitzka F. Skibelund A. Kathrine E.S.C.S.D. Group ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2021; 42: 3599-3726https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3190) Google Scholar ]. The FRAGILE-HF study examined 1180 hospitalized elderly HF patients in Japan, reporting a high prevalence of comorbidities across physical frailty, social frailty, and cognitive dysfunction domains [ [2] Fujimoto Y. Maeda D. Kagiyama N. Sunayama T. Dotare T. Jujo K. Saito K. Kamiya K. Saito H. Ogasahara Y. Maekawa E. Konishi M. Kitai T. Iwata K. Wada H. Hiki M. Kasai T. Nagamatsu H. Ozawa T. Izawa K. Yamamoto S. Aizawa N. Wakaume K. Oka K. Momomura S.-I. Matsue Y. Prevalence and prognostic impact of the coexistence of cachexia and sarcopenia in older patients with heart failure. Int. J. Cardiol. 2023; 381: 45-51https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.035 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (0) Google Scholar ].