Mission impossible? Spatial context relearning following a target relocation event depends on cue predictiveness

Visual search for a target is faster when the spatial layout of distractors is repeatedly encountered, illustrating that statistical learning of contextual invariances facilitates attentional guidance (contextual cueing; Chun & Jiang, 1998 , Cognitive Psychology, 36, 28–71). While contextual learning is usually relatively efficient, relocating the target to an unexpected location (within an otherwise unchanged search layout) typically abolishes contextual cueing and the benefits deriving from invariant contexts recover only slowly with extensive training (Zellin et al., 2014 , Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21 (4), 1073–1079). However, a recent study by Peterson et al. ( 2022 , Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84 (2), 474–489) in fact reported rather strong adaptation of spatial contextual memories following target position changes, thus contrasting with prior work. Peterson et al. argued that previous studies may have been underpowered to detect a reliable recovery of contextual cueing after the change. However, their experiments also used a specific display design that frequently presented the targets at the same locations, which might reduce the predictability of the contextual cues thereby facilitating its flexible relearning (irrespective of statistical power). The current study was a (high-powered) replication of Peterson et al., taking into account both statistical power and target overlap in context-memory adaptation. We found reliable contextual cueing for the initial target location irrespective of whether the targets shared their location across multiple displays, or not. However, contextual adaptation following a target relocation event occurred only when target locations were shared. This suggests that cue predictability modulates contextual adaptation, over and above a possible (yet negligible) influence of statistical power.