Constructing soils for climate-smart mining

Surface mining is inherently linked to climate change, but more precise monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions is necessary. Here we combined the geolocation of mine sites and carbon stock datasets to show that if all legal active mining sites in Brazil are exploited over the next decades, 2.55 Gt of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 eq) will be emitted due to the loss of vegetation (0.87 Gt CO 2 eq) and soil (1.68 Gt CO 2 eq). To offset these emissions, we propose constructing soils (Technosols) from mine and other wastes for mine reclamation. We show that this strategy could potentially offset up to 60% (1.00 Gt CO 2 eq) of soil-related CO 2 emissions. When constructed with suitable parent materials, Technosols can also restore important soil-related ecosystem services while improving waste management. The construction of healthy Technosols stands out as a promising nature-based solution towards carbon-neutral mining and should, therefore, be considered in future environmental policies of major mining countries.