An Infant with Zoonotic Pulmonary Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis

Bovine tuberculosis might be seen in low-income countries, especially in children fed with raw milk. The most common transmission route is fecal-oral way, and it is most likely through unpasteurized dairy products. Although clinical and radiological findings are like non-zoonotic tuberculosis, treatment approaches may differ in individuals with zoonotic tuberculosis. Prevention of zoonotic diseases requires multidisciplinary approaches. These approaches include the development of veterinary and surveillance studies for the detection of communicable diseases in farm animals, as well as informing the public about raw milk consumption. In this case report, a patient with zoonotic pulmonary tuberculosis related to Mycobacterium bovis because of consumption of raw milk was presented. A five-month-old male was admitted to the hospital due to a persistent, feverless, non-productive cough since birth. Empirical antibiotic treatment was started with a preliminary diagnosis of pneumonia because of left upper lobe and right pericardial infiltration on chest X-ray. However, after two weeks of antimicrobial therapy, the patient's clinical and laboratory findings did not improve. This led to the referral for a computed tomography imaging, which revealed tracheomalacia, consolidation on the right upper lobe, an indistinguishable mass or consolidation on the left middle lobe of the lung, peribronchial thickening on the basal segment of the lower lobe, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Three consecutive days of fasting gastric lavage fluid was sent to the reference laboratory for acid-resistant bacillus examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture studies. As the clinical findings were compatible and PCR was positive, the patient was started on quadruple antituberculous therapy. After initiation of anti-tuberculosis drugs, the patient's findings radiologically and clinically were improved. Mycobacterium bovis was grown in the culture. In the meantime, it was discovered that the patient was fed with raw milk. Due to the patient's clinical symptoms and the growth of Mycobacterium bovis in the gastric lavage fluid culture, the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis was made. The culprit was that the milk of the cow belonging to the patient's family, which was later found to be infected with M.bovis, was milked and given to the patient without boiling. Today, unpasteurized dairy products continue to be consumed, especially in rural areas. One of the most important steps to prevent zoonotic diseases is to raise awareness about not consuming raw milk and undercooked meat. To elucidate the epidemiological link in childhood, taking a good anamnesis, including questioning raw milk consumption, is essential in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.