Influence of anthropogenic factors on the waterbirds in Trans-Himalayan wetlands

Understanding waterbird abundance and distribution in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors can contribute to effective waterbird management in high altitude wetlands, although it remains a logistical challenge due to the harsh climate. Improved conventional method, the independent count- double observer was used to monitor waterbird population in 24 wetlands, including two Ramsar sites in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. Waterbirds in these wetlands were double-counted in all three seasons over two years, during that a range of environmental and anthropogenic variables and their influence on waterbirds were recorded. Detection probability models were used to get corrected waterbird abundance estimates. Ruddy shelduck, bar-headed goose, and brown-headed gull were the most abundant waterbirds, and autumn was the most abundant season due to the presence of passage migrants. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that distance to human settlement and distance to nearest road had profound effects on the abundance of waterbird species. Thus, human activities such as tourism need to be regulated, considering the ecological requirements of waterbirds. Resources need to be mobilised to facilitate regular monitoring for efficient management and informed decision making about the conservation of waterbirds and their habitats in the Trans-Himalayan wetlands.