Malnutrition and protein energy wasting are associated with severity and progression of pediatric chronic kidney disease

Background Protein energy wasting (PEW), a state of deficient protein storage, is not well understood in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to re-define PEW using pediatric malnutrition guidelines from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (AND/ASPEN), and to describe the relationship between PEW, malnutrition, and kidney function. Methods This was a retrospective review of outpatients ≤ 20 years old with a diagnosis of CKD from January 1, 2013, to August 31, 2018. Malnutrition was diagnosed by a licensed dietitian, and PEW was diagnosed using an updated definition incorporating AND/ASPEN malnutrition guidelines. Logistic regression and linear mixed effects modeling were performed on the relationship of malnutrition and PEW to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results The 142 patients included in this analysis had a median age of 11.1 years and median eGFR of 57 ml/min/1.73 m 2 at initial visit. Malnutrition was diagnosed in 50% of patients in at least one visit, and 17.6% met ≥ 2 PEW criteria. Patients with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 had significantly increased risk of malnutrition [OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0–3.3] ( p < 0.001) and PEW [OR 4.9, 95% CI 3.0–8.0] ( p < 0.001). A diagnosis of malnutrition or PEW was associated with worse eGFR by logistic regression ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively) and more rapid eGFR decline by linear mixed effects model ( p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to those without these diagnoses. Conclusions Malnutrition and PEW are prevalent in pediatric CKD and are associated with significantly lower eGFR and more rapid decline in eGFR, emphasizing the need to address nutritional status. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information