The Pivotal Role of HbA1c Assay to Detect Hemoglobinopathies: A 5-Year Observational Retrospective Study in the Population of Southern France

Background and AimsMobility and migration flows are growing from different countries of the world to European countries, including France and in particular the Mediterranean basin. This study aimed to investigate the presence of hemoglobin (Hb) variants in outpatients/inpatients of the Montpellier Hospital (France) in whom an HbA1c assay had been performed and for which the country of birth had been informed. MethodsThis is a retrospective study from January 2016 to December 2020 based on all high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms (Tosoh Bioscience HLC-723G8) having an alarm of suspected Hb variant during HbA1c measurement. The corresponding samples were systematically sent to the hematology laboratory for confirmation and identification of Hb variant. Patient's medical history, clinical and demographic data were extracted from each medical chart. Statistical analyses were performed using XLSTAT & REG; software, version 2016.06.35661. ResultsThree hundred sixty-three patients were confirmed with Hb variant exhibiting 17 different Hb profiles, highlighting the pivotal role of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a detection step. The prevalence of Hb variant in this southern French population was 0.71%, with the highest frequency for the beta-globin variants (n = 342/363; i.e., 94.2%), including the most common: S, C, E, and D in 200/342 (58.5%), 83/342 (24.3%), 29/342 (8.5%), and 11/342 (3.2%), respectively. Among patients with Hb variants, almost half (165/363; i.e., 45.4%) were born in the African continent with a predominance for Morocco (32/165; i.e., 19.3%) and Algeria (29/165; i.e., 17.5%). ConclusionHbA1c assay is a useful tool to detect Hb variants. Hemoglobinopathies are a public health issue in the current French population which is a multiethnic society. Despite the monocentric nature of our study, we note a high frequency of Hb variants in the south of France, which underlines the importance of screening for Hb variants in the whole population.