Additional conjugation systems for inter-domain plasmid transfer to the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Bacterial conjugation utilizes a type IV secretion system and a DNA transfer mechanism to deliver DNA from one cell to another. Conjugative partners are conventionally confined to the prokaryotic domain. In a prominent exception, Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion-mediated transfer of DNA to plant cells can result in subsequent chromosomal integration. Recently, we demonstrated interdomain conjugation from Escherichia coli to the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with the subsequent maintenance of an episome at chromosomal copy numbers if it contains diatom centromeres or centromere-like elements. The genes involved in the conjugation process can be separated into those encoding the type IV secretion system, also called the mating pair formation (MPF) genes, and genes involved in DNA processing called the mobilization (MOB) genes. Various protein families compose each class of conjugation genes, including common MOB types F, P, and Q and MPF types F, P, and T. The conjugative transfer from E. coli to P. tricornutum was demonstrated with a vector expressing MOBP and MTFP. Here we show that the MOBPsystem can be deleted and complemented with a MOBQ system in E.coli-diatom conjugations with subsequent episomal maintenaince. Utilization of both MOBP and MOBQ systems results in substantially higher efficiencies in E. coli-diatom conjugation. Finally, we demonstrate conjugative gene transfer between P. tricornutum and A. tumefaciens expressing a MPFT, the first demonstration of this system in diatoms,resulting in episomal maintainance or chromosomal integration, depending on the ex-conjugant. The promiscuity of MOB and MTF systems permitting prokaryote to diatom conjugative DNA transfer suggest major environmental and evolutionary importance of this process. The increased efficiency of dual MOB systems immediately improves genetic engineering in diatoms and has interesting basic cellular biology implications.