A Systematic Investigation of DeFi Compositions in Ethereum.

The rapid growth of the Ethereum ecosystem since 2020 has been driven by the proliferation of several DeFi protocols [ 10 ], which are application-layer programs that provide Decentralized Finance (DeFi) services [ 14 , 16 ] such as the exchange of cryptoassets on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) [ 2 , 7 , 15 ], their lending and borrowing [ 1 , 4 , 8 ], or the creation and trade of related derivative contracts [ 11 ].