The Prognostic Implications of Living Alone on Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Living alone is associated with increased cardiac events and mortality in patients with acute myocardial in-farction. However, the prognostic impact of living alone with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) still remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the relationship between living alone and long-term mortality in pa-tients with CCS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Consecutive 830 patients with CCS who underwent PCI were enrolled and divided into 2 groups according to whether or not they were living alone at the time of admission (living alone group and non-living alone group). We compared the clinical characteristics between the 2 groups and followed up cardiac mortality. The living alone group was younger compared with the non-living alone group (67.5 versus 70.7 years old, P = 0.017). The prevalence of comorbidities, including coronary risk factors, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke, peripheral artery disease, coronary lesion characteristics, laboratory data, and left ventricular ejection fraction, were comparable between the 2 groups. During the follow-up period (median 1,622 days), 52 cardiac deaths oc-curred. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, cardiac mortality was significantly higher in the living alone group than in the non-living alone group (24% versus 11%, P = 0.008). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses after adjusting for possible confounding factors, living alone was an independent predictor of cardiac mortality (hazard ratio, 2.426, 95% confidence interval 1.225-4.804, P = 0.011). Among CCS patients who underwent PCI, living alone was associated with high long-term cardiac mortality.