Facies and genetic elements within the Late Miocene Middle Siwalik of the Himalayan foreland basin, India: A response of fan-building processes

The Himalayan foreland basin originated through the India-Asia continent-continent collision driven by down-ward flexing of the Indian plate. It forms an ideal assemblage to delineate the role of process-controlled sedimen-tary fill in basin evolution. This paper provides the first comprehensive account of the lithofacies associations and architecture of the Middle Siwalik succession of the Himalayan foreland basin in the south-central Himachal Pradesh sector, India through detailed sedimentological analysis. Eight lithofacies form three distinct sand, gravel, and silt-mudstone lithofacies associations pertaining to specific depositional environments. Architectural ele-ments have been defined together with bounding surfaces separating them. Sedimentological investigations reveal that the Middle Siwalik sequence represents a flash flood dominated piedmont fan and proximal to middle megafan. The fan expansion cycles indicate tectono-climatically controlled sedimentation in the Middle Siwalik foreland basin. Frequent flooding and a high sedimentation rate were influenced by the tectonic uplift along the reactivated thrusts in the hinterland coupled with phases of monsoonal intensification. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.