Comprehensive characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) samples from Greece through combined NMR and LC-based metabolite profiling and biomarker identification

Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Other constituents, including minor cannabinoids, are increasingly gaining traction for informed plant utilization [1], [2]. Phytochemical composition may be affected by variety, geographic origin, harvesting year or cultivation environment, inevitably resulting into different pharmacological effects [3]. In this regard, characterization and classification of C. sativa samples based on chemical profiles is important to promote standardization and consistency in products, practices, and therapeutic outcomes.