Seasonal upwelling conditions promote growth and calcification in reef-building coralline algae

Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are important components of reef ecology contributing to reef framework construction. However, little is known about how seasonal upwelling systems influence growth and calcification of tropical CCA. We assessed marginal and vertical growth and net calcification rates of two dominant but morphologically different reef-building CCA, Porolithon antillarum and Lithophyllum cf. kaiseri, in a shallow coral reef of the Colombian Caribbean during upwelling and non-upwelling seasons. Growth and calcification rates varied seasonally with higher values during the upwelling compared to the non-upwelling (rainy) season. Annual vertical growth showed rates of 4.48 +/- 1.58 and 4.31 +/- 2.17 mm . y(-1), net calcification using crust growth estimates of 0.75 +/- 0.30 g and 0.68 +/- 0.60 g CaCO3 . cm(-2) . y(-1) and net calcification using the buoyant weight method of 1.49 +/- 0.57 and 0.52 +/- 0.11 g CaCO3 . cm(-2) . y(-1) in P. antillarum and L. kaiseri, respectively. Seawater temperature was inversely related with growth and calcification; however, complex oceanographic interactions between temperature and resource availability (e.g., light, nutrients, and CO2) are proposed to modulate CCA vital rates. Although CCA calcification rates are comparable to hard corals, CCA vertical accretion is much lower, suggesting that the main contribution of CCA to reef construction is via cementation processes. These results provide baseline data on CCA in the region and generate useful information for monitoring the impacts of environmental changes on tropical upwelling environments.