Optimal Dispatching of Electric‐heat‐hydrogen Integrated Energy System Based on Stackelberg Game

Abstract The interest conflict among entities in the integrated energy system (IES) has a great challenge to operation decisions of IES. With regards to this, an optimal dispatching model of electric‐heat‐hydrogen IES based on Stackelberg game is proposed. Firstly, an energy producer (EP) model is formulated which considered the full utilization of hydrogen energy and involved the conversion of hydrogen energy to electricity and heat energy. Meanwhile, the demand response amount is integrated into the objective function of load aggregator (LA) in order to encourage consumers to adjust their consumption behaviour. Secondly, by analyzing the characteristics of price information interaction among EP, energy system operator (ESO), and LA, the payoffs of each entity in IES are reformulated. Finally, a Stackelberg game model is established with ESO as the dominator guiding price information, EP and LA as the followers whose private information is confidential. Genetic algorithm and quadratic programming algorithm (GA‐QP) are employed to solve the developed model. Numerical experiments are carried out on an actual park‐level IES in northern China to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in promoting the benefit equilibrium among various entities.