Study of the relationship between nutrition, physical activity and overweight/obesity in children in a school context

Aim: This study aimed to describe the behavior, eating habits, and lifestyle of schoolchildren from different regions of Bejaia, and to evaluate their food consumption on the one hand and their Physical Activity Level (PAL) on the other hand. Methods: This study involved children (n = 240, B/G = 120/120), aged from 6 to 12, that are enrolled in different institutions (primary schools, colleges) in different regions of Bejaia. The children's body weight and height were measured (BMI), and their eating habits and level of physical activity were assessed using adapted questionnaires. Food consumption was estimated by the 24-hour recall method. Results: Results showed observable BMI rise including drastic changes in BMI Z-score as a function of age, height and mainly weight, BMI Z-score values were between 0 and +2 in overweight for obese girls and boys and less than +1 for normal-weight girls and boys. The PAL evaluation was low in overweight and obese children compared to normal-weight children. The correlation test showed a positive correlation between BMI and PAL in both sexes. According to the results of the dietary habits, the frequency of consumption of the different food groups distributed according to the fourth daily intakes (breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacking between meals) was very rich in carbohydrates and fats in overweight and obese children, compared to normal-weight children and according to the recommended threshold. Conclusion: This study shows that there is an increase in BMI values, high BMI Z-scores in overweight and obese children compared to normal-weight children. Children have bad eating habits (snacking between meals, consumption of fast food and sugary drinks). These habits may act as obesity promoting factors when associated with sedentary activities. Keywords: Children, overweight-obesity, normal-weight, BMI, Physical Activity Level, food habits, food consumption.