Bionomics and population dynamics of anopheline larvae from an area dominated by fish farming tanks in northern Brazilian Amazon

Background In Brazilian Amazon, deforestation and other anthropogenic activities as a consequence of human occupation have created new and artificial larval habitats for anopheline mosquitoes, providing conditions for oviposition, development and expansion of malaria vector populations. Objectives This study aimed to structurally characterize and describe the entomological and limnological parameters of Anopheles larval habitats from a malaria region in northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods Fifty-two larval habitats were investigated in the District of Ilha de Santana, in the Brazilian state of Amapa, comprising fish farming tanks, ponds, and streams. For entomological parameters, the immature larvae were collected monthly from July 2019 to June 2020. For limnological parameters, the water samples were collected from 20 larval habitats during the sampling period. The data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models, Multivariate analyses, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results Fifty habitats were positive for Anopheles larvae and a total of nine species were collected. The fish farming tanks had the highest abundance of larvae compared with ponds and streams. Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and Anopheles triannulatus were collected in 94% of the larval habitats and showed the highest positivity index. The degree of shade and the type of water of the breeding sites were important factors for the presence of the main malaria vector, A. darlingi. This species was the most affected by pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and nitrate. Conclusions Our findings indicate that fish farming tanks are major contributors to vector anopheline abundance and malaria transmission. Vector control strategies focused on these habitats are urgently needed.