Universal Validity of the Second Law of Information Thermodynamics

Feedback control and erasure protocols have often been considered as a model to embody Maxwell's Demon paradox and to study the interplay between thermodynamics and information processing. Such studies have led to the conclusion, now widely accepted in the community, that Maxwell's Demon and the second law of thermodynamics can peacefully coexist because any gain provided by the demon must be offset by the cost of performing measurement and resetting the demon's memory to its initial state. Statements of this kind are collectively referred to as second laws of information thermodynamics and have recently been extended to include quantum theoretical scenarios. However, previous studies in this direction have made several assumptions, in particular about the feedback process and the measurement performed on the demon's memory, and thus arrived at statements that are not universally applicable and whose range of validity is not clear. In this work, we fill this gap by precisely characterizing the full range of quantum feedback control and erasure protocols that are overall consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. This leads us to conclude that the second law of information thermodynamics is indeed universal: it must hold for any quantum feedback control and erasure protocol, regardless of the measurement process involved, as long as the protocol is overall compatible with thermodynamics. Our comprehensive analysis not only encompasses new scenarios but also retrieves previous ones, doing so with fewer assumptions. This simplification contributes to a clearer understanding of the theory. Additionally, our work identifies the Groenewold–Ozawa information gain as the correct information measure characterizing the work extractable by feedback control.