Entropy generation for the MHD flow of a blood-based hybrid nanofluid by thermal radiation over converging and diverging channels

This study's primary objective is to investigate the Jeffery-Hamel model and entropy generation in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of hybrid nanofluid across stretching, shrinking, converging, and diverging channels. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silver (Ag) are nanoparticles, using blood as the base fluid. The controlling nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with similarity transformations and then solved using the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) and shooting technique (Bvp4c). The HPM is compared to the numerical method (NM), and the results are more accurate and reliable. The effects of velocity, temperature, entropy generation, and the Bejan number on physical parameters like a magnetic field, the Reynolds number, magnetic field, and the Brinkman number are discussed through graphs. The heat transfer and skin friction coefficients are also studied and portrayed as graphs and tables. The influence of a magnetic field on the velocity profile of stretching and shrinking through converging and diverging channels. When increasing the magnetic field, the velocity profile increases. Physically, an increase in the magnetic field produces a higher Lorentz force, which improves fluid resistance and restricts fluid particle flow within the given topology. The temperature profile decreases in the stretching and shrinking of converging channels as magnetic field values rise. As well as the opposite behavior observed in stretching and shrinking for diverging channels. In this model, biomedical applications include studying physiological systems, surgical procedures, nano-pharmacological delivery systems, and nano-mediated treatment of atherosclerosis.