Catalytic heterostructured materials for CO2 mitigation and conversion into fuels: a renewable energy approach towards a sustainable environment

The heat of the energy crisis and harmful effects of traditional energy sources on the environment have got everyone worried. Fret not! Researchers are tirelessly pushing the boundaries of innovation to produce energy sources that not only meet the increasing energy demands but are pollution free. One such ground-breaking solution is the CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) by means of photocatalysis, which has the power of transforming a menacing greenhouse gas (GHG), i.e., CO2, into valuable hydrocarbon fuels, while curbing the detrimental effects of fossil fuels. This all-encompassing review explores the ins and outs of photocatalytic CRR, from inception to promising future opportunities. It dives deep into the kinetic and thermodynamic barriers, material selection criterion, operational parameters and other major contributing factors that are essential for a significant conversion of CO2. Advanced strategies including co-catalysts, hole scavengers, and others are carefully highlighted. A brief overview about the role of different heterostructured nanomaterials in the context of the CRR is provided. Pioneering and significant achievements with promising results made with these existing heterostructured materials have been summarized. A perspective on the research outlook and societal impact for the implementation of photocatalytic CRR into value-added hydrocarbon fuels to meet the current energy demands has been critically reviewed here. The need for upscaling and industrialization is emphasized to make it a viable and cost-effective solution for meeting the world's growing energy demands. This review is an inspiring read for those interested in sustainable energy solutions. It aims to ignite innovative ideas and spur scientists to develop efficient and practical photocatalytic systems for converting CO2 into valuable products. Let's join forces and create a greener and sustainable future for the generations to come.