Analyzing the Short and Long Run Impact of Various Inputs on Rice Productivity: Evidence from Major Paddy Producing States of India

The study investigated the effects of different variables on rice productivity in India's top rice-producing states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Panel ARDL, that rainfall, electricityUsing the study found consumption, and area under irrigation for rice had a positive relationship with rice productivity in the long run. In contrast, the area under rice cultivation and fertilizer consumption had a negative impact on rice productivity, whereas, in the short run, all variables had no significant effect on rice yield except the area under rice cultivation, which positively affected rice yield. On the basis of the findings, the study recommended using organic and nano manure, land management, crop rotations, paddy cultivation through training and extension services, timely irrigation, efficient fertilizers usage, and integrated pest management.