Medical-surgical treatment in cardiac implantable electrostimulation device infections

Antibiotic therapy in Cardiac Implantable Electrostimulation Devices (CIED) infections should always be considered as an adjunct to complete removal of the device, the only safe option to achieve the completecure. However, in some local infections, it may be successful and should be supervised by an expert. In systemic infections, appropriate antimicrobial treatment is essential to avoid severe sepsis and to enable prompt negative blood cultures, which will be important at the time of system replacement, after the complete removal of the CIED. Finally, in cases where the device cannot be completely removed, chronic suppressive oral therapy should be considered. (c) 2023 Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Cardiovascular y Endovascular. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).