Interrogating basal ganglia circuit function in Parkinson’s disease and dystonia

Background The dichotomy between the hypo-versus hyperkinetic nature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dystonia, respectively, is thought to be reflected in the underlying basal ganglia pathophysiology. Objective Investigate differences in globus pallidus internus (GPi) neuronal activity, and short- and long-term plasticity of direct pathway projections. Results GPi neurons were slower, burstier, and less regular in dystonia. In PD, symptom severity positively correlated with the power of low-beta frequency spiketrain oscillations. In dystonia, symptom severity negatively correlated with firing rate, and positively correlated with neuronal variability and the power of theta frequency spiketrain oscillations. Dystonia was moreover associated with less long-term plasticity and slower synaptic depression. Conclusion We substantiated claims of hyper-versus hypofunctional GPi output in PD versus dystonia, and provided cellular-level validation of the pathological nature of theta and low-beta oscillations in respective disorders. Such circuit changes may be underlain by disease-related differences in plasticity of striato-pallidal synapses. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.