Detailed Immunophenotyping of the Hematopoietic Graft from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

Background aims: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a highly effective therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Re-infused stem cells provide "rescue" from the pancytopenia induced by immuno-chemotherapy. To date, no study has analyzed the non-stem cell content of the leukapheresis product (graft) in regards to its influence on disease remission in AHSCT for multiple sclerosis (MS).Methods: Detailed immunophenotyping of the stem cell graft was performed in a cohort of highly active patients with MS (n = 22) followed for a median of 6 years' post-AHSCT.Results: Effector memory populations thought to house pathogenic clones including Th17 cells and central nervous system homing T cells were detected in the graft at similar proportions to pre-AHSCT. There was no association between absolute counts of these populations in the graft and treatment response. Only in responder patients was there evidence of a significant decrease in these putative pro-inflammatory populations by 3 months' post-transplant. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the graft between responders and relapsing patients, the absolute count of Tregs in the graft correlated with circulating Tregs in the first 6 months post-AHSCT in responders alone.Conclusions: Our results collectively suggest that the early establishment of immune tolerance post-AHSCT appears to relate to a decrease in putative pathogenic cell populations following reinfusion, and that Treg load in the leukapheresis product is less relevant to treatment response than the early expansion of graft derived Tregs. It therefore remains unclear whether employment of CD34 selection to manipulate the graft may offer additional benefit in remission rates post-AHSCT for MS. Cellular therapy targeted toward early Treg expansion may provide recourse for long-term remission rates in MS.Crown Copyright (c) 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)