A comparative study on the malachite green dye adsorption of chemically synthesized and green MgFe2O4 nanoparticles using gerbera floral waste extract

The situation of discharging a large amount of dyes from the textile industries has caused many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystems. Emerging bio-nanomaterials represent a new trend in efficient dye removal in aqueous media. Herein, we mention that MgFe2O4 bioprepared using gerbera extract has been successfully used to adsorb malachite green (MG) in water. A comparison was made to determine the dye removal efficiency between biogenic MgFe2O4 (MFOB) and chemical MgFe2O4 (MFOC). The spherical MFOB material exhibited a large surface area of 85.0 m2 g–1 and high crystallinity. The obtained outcomes showed that the highest adsorption capacity of MG dye was 584.49 mg g–1 at a MFOB dose of 0.05 g L–1 and MG concentration of 10 mg L–1. Higher correlation coefficients in the Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption of MG. The Box–Behnken design and response surface method were established to optimize MG removal percentage under the conditions, i.e., initial MG concentration (10–30 mg L–1), adsorbent dose (0.02–0.08 g L–1), and pH of dye solution (6–8). MFOB had good reusability with high removal efficiencies after three continuous cycles. Post reuse, this adsorbent still showed excellent stability through the verification of their structural properties in comparison with fresh MFOB, showing potential for practical applications.