Exploring a pent-up travel: constraint-negotiation model

This study proposes a model that links travel constraints with subjective norm as an additional constraint, negotiation, and learned helplessness to the desire under the pandemic and pent-up intention. Extending the constraint-negotiation model, this study analyzed 488 survey data using partial least square structural equation modeling. The results show that pent-up intention for international travel is positively affected by the desire to travel under the pandemic, which can be built up from the individuals' negotiation strategies under the constraints. These findings elucidates the underlying mechanisms contributing to the rebound effect in international travel.