Advances in Intermediates for the Solution-Processing of Perovskite Films

Owing to its superior efficiency and low cost, the solution-processable perovskite has rapidly become the latest favorite material in the field of photovoltaics. Although solution processing significantly reduces the threshold and cost of perovskite solar cells, the intricate composition and nonequilibrium nucleation of the perovskite precursor can result in leaky film. The precise control of perovskite nucleation and orientation is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving highquality perovskite photoactive layers. In this process, the intermediate species that widely exists either in the precursor or the as-prepared film acts as a transitional state for perovskite nucleation and growth from solution to solid, presenting an opportunity for controlling perovskite crystallization. Herein, we present an overview of the advancements in intermediates for solution-pro-cessing perovskite films to gain insights into the growth and manipulation of polycrystalline perov-skite films.