A tRNA-specific function for tRNA methyltransferase Trm10 is associated with a new tRNA quality control mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single homolog of the tRNA methyltransferase Trm10 performs m1G9 modification on 13 different tRNAs. Here we provide evidence that the m1G9 modification catalyzed by S. cerevisiae Trm10 plays a biologically important role for one of these tRNA substrates, tRNATrp Overexpression of tRNATrp (and not any of 38 other elongator tRNAs) rescues growth hypersensitivity of the trm10Δ strain in the presence of the antitumor drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Mature tRNATrp is depleted in trm10Δ cells, and its levels are further decreased upon growth in 5FU, while another Trm10 substrate (tRNAGly) is not affected under these conditions. Thus, m1G9 in S. cerevisiae is another example of a tRNA modification that is present on multiple tRNAs but is only essential for the biological function of one of those species. In addition to the effects of m1G9 on mature tRNATrp, precursor tRNATrp species accumulate in the same strains, an effect that is due to at least two distinct mechanisms. The levels of mature tRNATrp are rescued in the trm10Δmet22Δ strain, consistent with the known role of Met22 in tRNA quality control, where deletion of met22 causes inhibition of 5'-3' exonucleases that catalyze tRNA decay. However, none of the known Met22-associated exonucleases appear to be responsible for the decay of hypomodified tRNATrp, based on the inability of mutants of each enzyme to rescue the growth of the trm10Δ strain in the presence of 5FU. Thus, the surveillance of tRNATrp appears to constitute a distinct tRNA quality control pathway in S. cerevisiae.