Liquid Nitrogen Cryoballoon Ablation System for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A Multicenter, Prospective, Single-Arm Clinical Trial

Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) has emerged as an effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). In this study, the authors sought to assess the performance of a novel liquid nitrogen–driven CBA system and evaluate its safety and efficacy in the treatment of drug-resistant paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). This was a prospective multicenter single-arm clinical trial with 10 participating tertiary hospitals enrolling 176 patients with PAF. All participants received liquid nitrogen–driven CBA developed by the Cryofocus Medtech Company. Scheduled follow-up was performed before discharge and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after CBA. The primary endpoints were defined as 1) treatment success (freedom from antiarrhythmic drugs and atrial tachycardia at 12 months after CBA); and 2) immediate success rate of pulmonary vein isolation. The safety endpoint was the incidence of device- and procedure-related adverse events (AEs) and all-cause mortality. A total of 172 participants were included, with an average age of 59.22 ± 9.25 years and 99 (57.56%) of them men. Immediate success rate was 97.67% (95% CI: 94.15%-99.36%) and 12-month treatment success rate was 82.56% (95% CI: 76.89%-88.23%), including a late recurrence rate of 13.61%. Incidences of device- and procedure-related AEs were 2.27% and 25.00%, respectively. Phrenic nerve palsy (PNP) occurred in 6 patients, of which 5 recovered during follow-up. Although the incidence of total severe AEs was 17.05%, including an all-cause mortality of 0.57%, only 1 case of permanent PNP was related to the CBA procedure. This premarketing prospective multicenter single-arm clinical trial demonstrated that the liquid nitrogen cryoablation system is safe and effective in the treatment of PAF.